Question

1-Which of the alternatives below is the name of a phenomenon in classical conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus acts as a US?

       
a-CS/US relevance.

       
b-Higher-order conditioning.

       
c-Counterconditioning.

       
d-CS alone presentations.

2-ln which of the contingencies below does the instrumental response eliminate an aversive stimulus?

       
a-Omission training

       
b-Positive reinforcement

       
c-Punishment

       
d-Negative reinforcement

3-Which of the folllowing alternatives correctly describes the law of effect?

       
a-If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, an association between the stimulus and the satisfying event will be strengthened.

       
b-If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, an association between the stimulus and the response event will be strengthened.

       
c-If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, an association between the response and the satisfying event will be strengthened.

       
d-If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, associations between the stimulus, the response and the satisfying event will be strengthened.

4-lf a worker is being paid for every 3 units of work completed, he is on

       
a-a VR schedule.

       
b-a VI schedule.

       
c-a FI schedule.

       
d-a FR schedule.

5-Which of the following alternatives correctly describes the principle of stimulus (US/CS) relevance?

       
a-The shock US is more effective than the illness US.

       
b-If there is no CS/US relevance, association cannot be established between them through conditioning.

       
c-The audiovisual CS is more effective than the taste CS.

       
d-Associations between some CS/US combinations are learned more easily than associations between other CS/US combinations.

6-In an experiment, presentation of food is paired with an injection of LiCI for a number of times. As a result, the rat refuses to eat and even goes away when the food is presented. In this experiment the food is ...........

       
a-UR.

       
b-CS.

       
c-US.

       
d-CR.

7-Which of the following instrumental responses are used in discrete trial procedures?

       
a-Running to the goal box in a T-maze.

       
b-Licking water from a tube.

       
c-Lever press for food.

       
d-Lever press response in a Skinner box.

8-The results of Jenkins and Moore's (1973) experiment showed that when a light was paired with food, pigeons pecked the light as if eating it, but when the same light was paired with water, they pecked the light as if drinking it. The results indicate that

       
a-the nature of the CR is determined by the CS.

       
b-the nature of the CS is determined by the CR.

       
c-the nature of the UR is determined by the CS.

       
d-the nature of the CR is determined by the US.

Answer 1

1-b- Higher order conditioning

In classical conditioning, higher order conditioning is the phenomenon that a previously neutral stimulus acts as a conditioned stimulus in a conditioning.

2-a- Omission training

Omission training is an operant conditioning procedure used to stop undesirable behaviors.

3-b-If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, an association between the stimulus and the response event will be strengthened.

Law of effect is a phenomenon in which a response which have a pleasant outcome will be repeated and response which have an unpleasant outcome will be stopped.

4-d- A FR schedule

A reinforcement is a process of giving rewards for acceptable behavior. Reinforcement schedule is rules to give reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule is giving rewards for every n number of responses.

5-