Describe how 1) Mean Arterial Pressure, 2) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and 3) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc.
1.
Mean arterial pressure can be determined from:[3]
where:
2.
VO2 max is properly defined by the Fick equation:
,
when these values are obtained during an exertion at a maximal
effort.
where Q is the cardiac output of the heart, CaO2 is the arterial oxygen content, and CvO2 is the venous oxygen content.
(CaO2 – CvO2) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference
3.
The relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance is expressed in the following equation:[8]
Flow = Pressure/Resistance
When applied to the circulatory system, we get:
CO = (MAP – RAP)/TPR
where
Term definitions
Stroke Volume (SV) is the volume of blood in millilitres ejected from the each ventricle due to the contraction of the heart muscle which compresses these ventricles.SV is the difference between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV). Multiple factors can affect SV, eg. factors that change either EDV or ESV will change SV. The three primary factors that regulate SV are preload, afterload and contractility.
The arteriovenous oxygen difference, or a-vO2 diff, is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body. The a-vO2 diff and cardiac output are the main factors that allow variation in the body's total oxygen consumption, and are important in measuring VO2. The a-vO2 diff is usually measured in millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood (mL/100 mL).
Central venous pressure (CVP) is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system.
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