Question

1. What is the most abundant component of plasma?
2. What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
3. What is considered a normal blood pH?
4. State the functions of red blood cells.
5. Where do all red blood cells in an adult originate?
6. What is the process of red blood cell production is known as?
7. Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?
8. Where do T lymphocytes mature?
9. What is the stoppage of bleeding is known as?
10. What vitamin is necessary for the proper production of functional clotting factors in the liver?
11. When is fibrin produced during the coagulation cascade?
12. The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)?
13. Which blood type carries anti-A antibodies in the plasma?
14. Which of the following blood types is incompatible for donation to B+?
15. Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase.
16. What produces the "lub dub" heart sounds?
17. What is the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase normally about?
18. Calculate the stroke volume (SV) if end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml and the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml.
19. What best describes the Frank-Starling law?
20. Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?
21. What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?
22. Place the following parts of the cardiac conduction system in the order in which they transmit the action potential.
23. During what phase of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell as potassium ions exit?
24. What ion movement changes the membrane potential in a contractile cell from negative to positive during the rapid depolarization phase?
25. Where do the right and left coronary arteries receive blood from?
26. Which vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
27. Place in order from superficial to deep the three tunics of a typical blood vessel.
28. Which capillary would be least likely to allow substances to enter or exit the blood due to tight junctions that join the endothelial cells?
29. What provides peripheral resistance?
30. What will decrease peripheral resistance?
31. What two values are needed to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
32. What causes water to cross capillary beds from high to low hydrostatic?
33. What is the fluid movement when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?
34. What is blood pressure equivalent to?
35. What is some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries returned to the blood by?
36. What is the outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels?
37. Which neurotransmitter decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?
38. How do parasympathetic neurons in the medulla respond to increased blood pressure?
39. Which stimulus is detected by a chemoreceptor?
40. What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure?
41. Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?
42. What should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body?
43. What initiates T cell activation?
44. Where do B cells develop and mature?
45. What are the five basic classes of antibodies?
46. What do Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit?
47. What secretes antibodies?
48. What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?
49. What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system?
50. What can cancer cells release to suppress T cell activity?

Answer 1

ANSWER :

1. The water is most abundant component of blood plasma, it makes up about 91% of all the plasma.

2. The albumin protein found in the blood plasma is most likely responsible to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood, which prevents out flow the necessary components of blood into interstitial fluid.

3. The normal pH of human blood is approximately 7.40, which is slightly alkaline, but can vary according to the physiological changes.

4. The red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes are known to their specific function of transporting the respiratory gases (CO2 and O2) between the different body tissues and lungs.