Question

QUESTION 14

1. Given: Net Filtration Pressure = (PC – PIF) – (πC – πIF)

IF: capillary colloid osmotic pressure = +22 mmHg

: interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure = +4 mmHg

: capillary hydrostatic pressure = +30 mmHg

: interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = -2 mmHg

THEN, the Net Filtration Pressure is _____________ and there is _______________ across the capillary wall.

	a.	-14 mmHg, Net Reabsorption
	b.	10 mmHg, Net Filtration
	c.	None of the answers given here are correct
	d.	14 mmHg, Net Filtration
	e.	-10 mmHg, Net Reabsorption

QUESTION 15

1. The mean arterial pressure in the Pulmonary Circulation is ________________ than the mean arterial pressure in the systemic circulation.

	a.	Lower
	b.	Exactly the same according to Starling's Law of the Heart
	c.	Higher

QUESTION 16

1. If a person is in end-stage heart failure, the ventricle that is failing becomes so weak that its volume at EDV is greater than the optimal volume for maximal force generation. In fact the EDV goes past optimal and starts going down the length tension curve on the hyperstretched portion of the curve (March 30 lecture). What would happen now?

	a.	The ventricle volume continues to increase
	b.	The SV continues to decrease
	c.	The amount of actin myosin overlap continues to decrease
	d.	The patient will most likely die unless a heart transplant can be performed
	e.	All of the above

QUESTION 17

1. During Ventricular Ejection

	a.	The aortic valve is open but the Left A-V valve is closed
	b.	The volume of the ventricle is getting smaller
	c.	the walls of the aorta are being stretched outward
	d.	All of the above occur during ejection

QUESTION 18

1. Accumulation of Too much fluid volume in the tissues would  _____________ and cause ______________.

	a.	increase interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure,   decreased lymph flow or less edema
	b.	decrease interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, decreased edema or decreased lymph flow
	c.	increase interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure,   increased edema or more lymph flow

QUESTION 19

1. If a stimulus has a positive inotropic effect on the Left Ventricle, which of the following changes would you NOT expect to see?:

	a.	An Increase in L-ventricle stroke volume that occurs by decreasing End Systolic Volume (ESV) but with no change in End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
	b.	An increase in intracellular [Ca++] in the left-ventricular myocytes during depolarization
	c.	An increase in L-ventricle stroke volume that occurs by increasing End Diastolic Volume (EDV) but with no change in End Systolic Volume (ESV)

QUESTION 20

1. Burn injuries increase the capillary permeability to macromolecules (colloids). This causes an increase in interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure and a decrease in capillary colloid osmotic pressure. This shift in colloid distribution would cause:

	a.	Too much fluid filtration out of the capillaries, causing edema and decreasing blood volume
	b.	Too much fluid reabsorption back into the capillary, causing loss of fluid from tissue and increasing blood volume

QUESTION 21

1. If this type of ion channel is genetically defective or otherwise impaired, a condition called "Long QT Syndrome" may occur and this increases the risk of sudden cardiac death:

	a.	voltage gated Na+ channels
	b.	L-type voltage gated Ca++ channels
	c.	hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels
	d.	Human ether-a-go-go (HERG) channels

QUESTION 22

1. Digitalis is a ______________ that _______________and has a ___________________ inotropic effect on the heart.

	a.	Inhibitor of the Na+/K+ATPase, increases intracellular [Ca++],  positive
	b.	Stimulator of the Na+/K+ATPase, increases intracellular [Na+], positive
	c.	Ca++ channel blocker ,  reduces intracellular [Ca++],  negative
	d.	Inhibitor of v-gated Na+ channels, depolarizes the  SA node, positive

QUESTION 23

1. “Nitroglycerin”, a drug used to treat angina, releases ________ when it dissolves in body fluids, which has

this effect: _____________. (note: angina is referred pain from the myocardium due to inadequate oxygenation)

	a.	Digitalis, vasodilation of coronary arteries
	b.	Nitric Oxide, vasoconstriction of coronary arteries
	c.	Nitric Oxide, vasodilation of coronary arteries

QUESTION 24

1. All four valves in the normal living human heart are NEVER all closed AT THE SAME TIME

		TRUE
		FALSE

QUESTION 25

1. In Sino Atrial node cells, the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels (HCN channels) are responsible for this phase of the SA nodal action potential waveform:

	a.	the plateau phase (Phase 2)
	b.	the delayed complete repolarization phase (Phase 3)
	c.	the rapid, partial repolarization phase (Phase 1)
	d.	the diastolic depolarization (pacemaker potential) phase (Phase 4)
	e.	the rapid upstroke phase (Phase 0)

QUESTION 26

1. Consider the following randomly-ordered events in the signal transduction sequence for norepinephrine affecting working ventricular cardiac muscle:

P. a G protein becomes activated by binding a GTP

Q. cardiac muscle inotropic state increases

R. ATP is converted to cAMP.

S. G protein splits into two subunits

T. norepinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptor

U. L-type Ca++ ion channels are phosphorylated

V. Protein Kinase A is activated

W. Adenylyl cyclase is activated

X. Calcium induced calcium release increases

• WHAT is the CORRECT ORDER of events for this sequence?

		T,W,P,S,R,V,X,U,Q
		T,P,S,W,R,V,U,X,Q
		T,P,S,W,R,V,U,X,Q
		T,S,P,W,R,U,V,X,Q
		T,P,S,R,W,V,U,Q,X

QUESTION 27

1. Case-study type Question: In the EARLY STAGES of heart failure (weakness of the ventricular myocardium), the body is able to compensate in the following way: Blood accumulates in veins returning to the heart due to the reduced ability of the ventricle to pump out all the blood it receives. This accumulating blood dilates the weakened ventricle a little bit (EDV increases so it is now 160 ml instead of the normal resting EDV of 135 ml). According to Starling's Law of the Heart this small increase in EDV will cause a compensatory _____________in ventricular stroke volume by _________ .

	a.	increase, decreasing the number of actin-myosin crossbridges which decreases the force of ventricular contraction
	b.	increase, increasing the number of actin-myosin crossbridges which increases the force of ventricular contraction

QUESTION 28

1. The conducting system and pacemaker cells of the heart are ______________, and the working myocardial cells are ________________.

	a.	cardiac muscle cells,     cardiac muscle cells
	b.	neurons,    cardiac muscle cells
	c.	cardiac muscle cells, neurons
	d.	neurons, neurons

QUESTION 29

1. During Isovolumetric Relaxation, the aortic valve is __________, the Left-AV valve is ____________, the volume of the ventricle _____________, and the pressure in the ventricle ____________.

	a.	Closed,    Closed, does not change, decreases
	b.	Closed, Closed,     does not change   increases
	c.	Closed,     Closed,      does not change,    does not change
	d.	Open,     Open, does not change, decreases

Answer 1

14. d) 14 mmHg, Net Filtration

Explanation:

Net Filtration Pressure = (PC – PIF) – (πC – πIF)

PC = 30 mmHg

PIF = 2 mmHg

πC = 22 mmHg

πIF = 4 mHg

hence net FP = (30 + 2 ) - ( 22 -4) = + 14 mmHg

15. a) lower

Explanation: Mean arterial pressure of pulmonary circulation is lower than than MAP of systemic circulation because there is higher vascular resistance in systemic circulation than in pulmonary circulation.

16. e) all of the above

17. d) all of the above during ejection

Explanation: During ventricular ejection, Av valves are closed while Aortic or semilunar valves are open causing pumping of the blood out of the ventricle into the aorta. This gradually decreases the ventricular volume and outstretching of the aorta.

18. c) increase interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure,   increased edema or more lymph flow