Question

1. Differ between pressure and resistance.

2. What tool measures blood pressure? What are the units of measurement?

3. When ventricles are relaxed, what is the relative state of its pressure? What effect will it have on the AV valves and what will happen to blood flow?

4. When ventricles are contracted, how is its pressure affected? What effect will it have on the AV valves? What effect will it have on the semilunar valves? What will happen to blood flow?

5. What factors are thought to cause the first and second heart sounds? When do these sounds occur?

6. Phases of the cardiac cycle

1. Ventricular filling occurs during ________________ when the pressure of the _____________ is lower than the pressure of the ______________. The ventricles fill rapidly during the 1^st third of this phase and slows down during the 2^nd third. At the end of this point atrial contraction (_____________) occurs, which completes the filling of the ventricles. There is ____ mL of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular filling. This volume of blood is called the ______________________________________

2. During isovolumetric contraction, the _____________ repolarize, which results in its relaxation (_________________). The ventricles ____________________ and begins to contract. Pressure in the ventricles rises sharply causing the ________________ to close. However, the ________________________________ valves remain closed because the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta exceeds that of the ventricles.

3. Ventricular ejection then follows when the rising pressure of the ______________ exceeds the ___________________ pressure of the pulmonary trunk and aorta. This lasts for roughly ____ to _____ ms. Note that all the blood is not expelled. Only _____ mL is expelled into the arteries; this is called the ______________ volume. This leaves _____ mL in each ventricle, which is called the _______________________________.

4. The last phase, isovolumetric relaxation, occurs during ventricular ______________. At the beginning of the period blood from the pulmonary trunk and aorta flows backward causing the _______________________ to close. The _______________ are also still closed during this period. Once the _______________ opens, step 1 (ventricular filling) begins again.

7. What is the overall function of leukocytes?

8. Fill in the following chart about volume changes:

Begins with……………	End-systolic volume (ESV)…..	_________
Atrial diastole (1st 1/3)...	Passive addition………………	_________
Atrial systole (last 1/3)...	Active addition……………….	_________
Total…………………...	End-diastolic volume…………	_________
Ventricular systole…….	Stroke volume………………..	_________
Left with……………….	End-systolic volume………….	_________

Answer 1

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