Question

1- What are risk factors for Hypertension, describe systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

2- What is considered normal blood pressure and what conditions predisposes the patient to hypertension?

3- What teaching is recommended to prevent the development of the condition and its progression?

4- What are treatment options?

5- What are the two types of hypertension?

6- Describe signs and symptoms and the difference between Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis.

Answer 1

1.Risk factors

-Age:- as the age progresses there is chance of increased blood pressure due to age related changes in the tunica intima layer of the blood vessel that is due to the loss of elasticity of the blood vessels

-Sex :- mostly the males are more prone to develop the hypertension compared to females because of the increased presence od estrogen and progesterone during reproductive age

-Genetics :- people who have heriditory history of hypertension have more chance to develop BP

-Atherosclerosis:- this is the formation of fatty plaques deposition on the layer of blood vessels that constrict blood vessel and cause increased pressure

-sedentary lifestyle:- these includes lack of exercise

- smoking and alcohol:- nicotine and alcohol increases the blood pressure

Systolic Blood pressure :-when left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta the pressure produced within the arterial system is the systolic B.P and its about 120 mmHg in adult

Diastolic Blood pressure :- In a complete cardiac diastole when the heart is resting following the ejection of blood the pressure within rge arteries is much lower and is called diastolic B.P . In an adult it is about 80 mmHg

2. Normal blood pressure

normal bp is said to be as 120/ 80 mmHg

but they range from 90/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg

Factors and conditions predisposing blood pressure

-Elasticity of arterial wall :-the distension and recoul occurs throughout the arterial system so change in its elasticity affects BP

-Cardiac output:- an increase in cardiac output increase BP and vise versa

-Arteriolar resistance :- when inner layer tunica intima is replaced by fibrous tissue due to aging process that will increase BP

- Atherosclerosis:- Fatty deposition in the artery which cause partial or complete blockage of artery leading to increased blood pressure

-Renal diseases :- where there is an altration in Renin angiotensin mechanism and also atlered aldosterone secretion leading to imabalanced blood pressure

- Electrolyte imbalance :- mainly sodium retention causes increased blood pressure

- sedentary lifestyle :- having lots of alcohol ,junkfoods

and smoking with lack of exercise can predispose to hypertension

-Stress and lack of sleep :- which inturn cause release of stress hormones and cause altered BP

3.Prevention

*Low salt diet

* Exercise regularly (yoga,meditation,prnayama)

*avoid junk foods

* avoid smoking and alcoholism

* avoid taking stress and have a relaxed life

*have a proper sleep

* have regular checkups

* the patients who is already hypertensive can follow all this including having their medications on time

4 .TREATMENT
- modification of sedentary lifestyle

- low salt diet

- exercise

- medical management which include anti hypertensives

* beta blockers

* calcium channel blockers

* ACE inhibitors

* Diuretics

* Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers

*Alpha blockers

*Alpha 2 agonist

* Combined alpha and beta blockers

5. Two types of hypertension

-primary hypertension:- cause is idiopathic

-secondary hypertension:- caused due to the disease of someother organ

eg :- renal failure

6. Difference between Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis :- is the narrowing of the arteries

Atherosclerosis :- Fatty deposition (plaque)in the artery which cause partial or complete blockage of artery leading to increased blood pressure.Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis can cause arteriosclerosis

Signs and symptoms

signs and symptoms depends according to area affected for the both condition though atherosclerosis is itself a cause of arteriosclerosis

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS	ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Arteriosclerosis itself can cause problems	Typically, there are no symptoms associated with atherosclerosis, unless plaque ruptures and travels through the bloodstream
Symptoms depends according to area affected; This narrowing of the arteries can hinder blood from traveling to your organs.	Symptoms depends according to area affected -In the legs and feet: weakness, numbness, claudication (pain when walking), rest pain, gangrene -Near the heart: chest pain or tightness, coughing, vomiting, heart attack
sudden weakness, facial or lower limb numbness, confusion, difficulty understanding speech, and problems seeing	symptoms depends according to the area blocked
Arteriosclerosis cant cause atherosclerosis	Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis