Explain why the reaction of 1,4-di-t-butylbenzene with t-butyl chloride and AlCl3 gives 1,3, 5-tri-t-butylbenzene
To understand this, you need to understand that friedel crafts
alkylation is a reversible process.
Alkylating benzene with t-butylchloride will give you the 1,4
t-butyl product. However, further alkylating it will not give you
the 1,2,4 t-butyl product as you might expect. What actually
happens is a series of alkylations and dealkylations which
ultimately lead to the most stable molecule, the 1,3,5 t-butyl
product.
The 1,3,5 product is the most thermodynamically stable of the two
molecules, as it has less steric repulsion between the bulky alkyl
groups. It's known as the thermodynamic product. The 1,2,4 product
is a less stable molecule but it forms much more readily because
the alkyl groups electronically activate the molecule to this
substitution pattern. This is known as the kinetic product.
In a normal electrophilic aromatic substitution, the kinetic
product is the one which dominates. However, Friedel Crafts
alkylation is a special case because it's reversible. Thus, even
though the kinetic product will dominate initially, its instability
allows it to be dealkylated back to a disubstituted species. In
contrast, what little thermodynamic product is formed will not be
dealkylated due to its better stability. Thus the thermodynamic
product gradually accumulates as the reaction proceeds; ultimately
becoming the major product.
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