Question

Can you do a literature review on the opioid pain reliever epidemic ?

Answer 1

According some doctors, ''Opioid Pain Reliever can gives a short period of pain relief, but it has no long term pain relief effect''. Not only that Opioid Pain Reliever has many kinds of dangerous side effects. Doctors stated that, don't take Opioid pain reliever so frequently, it may causes more dangerous effect.(

American Medical Association(AMA)stated that,''Please try to avoid Opioid pain Relievers,because it can causes accidental death and addiction.

Side effects of Opioid Pain Reliever-  Opioid can create many kinds of health issues.If some one is taking this pain reliver in a regular basis then he can feel some general physiological problems such as

• Diificulty in sleeping
• Constipation problem
• Mood swing problem
• Vomiting issues
• Digestive functions will also get hampered
• Muscel pain sometimes may occur(not in every cases)

According to a research in Uk we can find that some people used to take Opioid pain reliever with Alcohol and some other kinds of drugs. This can even leads to the death.(Shippenberg and Herz 1988 ).

Addiction effect- When someone starts taking Opioid pain reliever to get rid from the pain,they always feel they want more Pain reliever to reduce the pain in a short period of time. So they starts to take this Oiloid more and this leads to the addiction.Psychologists stated this behavior as Tolerance.

According to another study, After a long time uses of Opioid pain reliever, Users started think that they are able to solve any kind of physical pain or issues by using Opioid.So it can be stated that, if someone using this pain reliever for a long time then it is kind of impossible for him to get rid from this addiction.(Crain and Shen, 1990)

Psychological Problems

Some psychological problems also arising for using Opioid pain reliever in long time basis. Such as

• Anxiety and depression
• Mood disorders or mood fluctuation issues.
• Hallucination
• Delusion
• Difficulty in Concentrate

Beathing problem Issues- A survey stated that, beathing problem can also arrive for the extreme uses of Opioid Pain Reliever.Not only that taking a high amount of Opioid Pain reliever can damage the respiratory system of our body.

Drowsi Feeling-  Feeling of Drowsiness is the most common problem of this pain reliever. Not only that, dr Chou, stated this pain reliever helps to increas sleepiness. Some patients just take this pain reliever to have a proper sleep and this becomes an addiction.

Skin problems- Some opioid pain reliver users also stated that, this pain reliever is creating some skin problem issues like Itching or allergic problem.

Conclusion- So after discussing all the effects, we can say that this pain reliever has many kind of side effects. So we should not take this medicine without doctor's recommandation. Doctors are also requested by the American health Association, not to prescribe this medicine to a patient .

References-

Furlan, A.D., Sandoval, J.A., Mailis-Gagnon, A. and Tunks, E., 2006. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(11), pp.1589-1594.

Crain, S.M. and Shen, K.F., 1990. Opioids can evoke direct receptor-mediated excitatory effects on sensory neurons. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 11(2), pp.77-81.

Bals-Kubik, R., Ableitner, A., Herz, A. and Shippenberg, T.S., 1993. Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 264(1), pp.489-495.

Cepeda, M.S., Farrar, J.T., Baumgarten, M., Boston, R., Carr, D.B. and Strom, B.L., 2003. Side effects of opioids during short?term administration: Effect of age, gender, and race. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 74(2), pp.102-112.

Vuong, C., Van Uum, S.H., O'dell, L.E., Lutfy, K. and Friedman, T.C., 2009. The effects of opioids and opioid analogs on animal and human endocrine systems. Endocrine reviews, 31(1), pp.98-132.

Shippenberg, T.S. and Herz, A., 1988. Motivational effects of opioids: influence of D-1 versus D-2 receptor antagonists. European journal of pharmacology, 151(2), pp.233-242.