1. In what situation would the buyer be responsible for filing a loss/damage claim even if the freight payment terms were “freight prepaid”?
2. Describe the organizational structure, and role of a shipping conference.
1 The seller pays the freight charges in advance but bills the buyer for them; the buyer owns the goods in transit and files L&D claims, if needed
2 In the mid-1860s, ocean rates were set by shipping conferences. Over the years, shipping conferences provided rate stability and guaranteed space availability because member carriers could collectively set rates and service levels without the fear of prosecution for antitrust. Over the past 20 years commercial relationships have become very fluid and are largely unregulated and shippers and carriers are free to have commitments or agreements that best suits them best
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