Question

Case Scenario: Residents in an area of approximately 15 square miles had the highest incidence of cancer rates for the entire state. Statistics show their cancer rates are three times as high as any other part of the state. Recently, childhood cancer has risen in this area. In the last month, 10 children from the area have died from cancer. The cancers were lymphoid and hematopoietic cancers.

1. Question: Describe how cell proliferation in cancer occurs and how it differs from normal cell proliferation. Defend your response using specific facts, data, and other information drawn from the textbook and at least one other supplemental source.

Answer 1

*Normal cell proliferation :cells from basic structural and functional unit of organism.all cell contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.situatued in the nucleus is the genetic material or deoxyibonucleic acid(DNA),which is the fundamental building block for life. DNA is made up of subunits called genes . Each gene coded for a specific product such as a protein or enzyme.Genes contain chromosomes. There are major two types of genes which helps in the normal cell proliferation are,proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene . Proto-oncogenes are a gene involved in normal cell growth .mutation in a proto-oncogenes may cause it to become overactive and can cause the growth of cancer cell. Tumor suppressor genes ,is a type of gene that makes a protein called a tumor suppressor protein that helps control cell growth .mutation in tumor suppressor gene may lead to cancer. The process by which cell grow and divide to replenish lost cell it term cell proliferation .This is highly regulated activity in normal ,healthy tissue. The synthesis of new cell is balanced against cell loss so that total number of cell composing remains unchanged. Cell growth ,the replication of genetic material and cell division are all governed by the cell ,a highly - ordered series of events thet culminates in mitosis (normal cell division).

CARCINOGENESIS: The process of transformation of normal cell into cancer cell . There four stages

* INITIATION: Occurs when carcinogen damage DNA - carcinogenesis cause changes in the structural and function of the cell at the genetic or molecular level. This damage may be reversible or may leads to genetic mutation if not repaired. However the mutations may leads immediately to cancer.

*PROMOTION: Occurs with additional assaults to the cell ,resulting in further genetic damage.These genetic events result in a malignant conversation

*PROGRESSION: The cell are increasingly malignant in appearance and behaviour and develop into an invasive cancer with metastases to distant body parts.