Question

Mr. Smith conducted a nonexperimental study at his school examining the relationship between teachers' classroom behavior practices and their students' achievement. He used a frequently-used, well-validated, Likert-type survey instrument to measure teachers' classroom behavior practices and a well-validated and reliable achievement test as an indicator of their students' academic success. His analysis found a significant negative relationship between teachers' use of negative reinforcement and students' scores on the achievement test. He concluded that negative reinforcement resulted in lower achievement. Which limitation might cause you to question his conclusions?

a. He used a nonexperimental design to reach causal conclusions.

b. He was a teacher in the school and was probably biased.

c. He used an achievement test to measure students' academic success.

d. He used a Likert-type survey to measure teachers' classroom behavior practices.

Answer 1

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