Question

16.

A. Explicit Memory: explain it by referring to recall.  

B. Implicit Memory - Explain it.

c.Describe an example of it. Some examples:

- All of procedural memory is retrieved implicitly.

- Conditioned responses (CRs). In classical conditioning, CRs are retrieved implicitly.

Answer 1

• a)Explicit memory (also called "declarative memory") is one of the two major subdivisions of long-term memory. Explicit memory requires conscious thought,such as recalling who came to dinner last night or naming animals that live in the rainforest.
• It's what most people have in mind when they think of "memory," and whether theirs is good or bad.
• Explicit memory is often associative; your brain links memories together. For example, when you think of a word or occasion, such as an automobile, your memory can bring up a whole host of associated memories,from carburetors to your commute to a family road trip to a thousand other things.
  
• Episodic memory is one type of explicit memory. Episodic memory is autobiographical: it provides us with a crucial record of our personal experiences. It is our episodic memory that allows us to remember the trip we took somewhere, what we had for dinner last night etc.
• Any past event in which we played a part, and which we remember as an "episode" (a scene of events) is episodic. How well we record an episodic memory depends on several factors.
• For example, things that occur to us in emotionally charged conditions are often stronger memories. Most people remember where they were when they heard about the World Trade Center on 9/11, or the details of a wedding of a loved one, because those were highly emotional moments for them.
• Another important factor is the strength with which your brain records the memory when you first experience it. If you focus carefully, and your brain is able to process what you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel very quickly and accurately, the memory is recorded with more power, making it easier to recall later.
• Another type of explicit memory is semantic memory. It accounts for our "textbook learning" or general knowledge about the world. It's what enables us to say, without knowing exactly when and where we learned, that a zebra is a striped animal, or that Paris is the major city in France.
• As with episodic memory, semantic memory ranges from strong (recall) to weak (familiarity). Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory is better sustained over time. We are often able to retain a highly functioning semantic memory into our 60's;after which it undergoes a slow decline.
• b)Implicit memory (also called "nondeclarative" memory) is a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn't always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions.
  
• Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. The performance of implicit memory is enabled by previous experiences, no matter how long ago those experiences occurred.
• Procedural memory is the type of implicit memory that enables us to carry out commonly learned tasks without consciously thinking about them. It's our "how to" knowledge. Riding a bike, tying a shoe and washing dishes are all tasks that require procedural memory.
• Even what we think of as "natural" tasks, such as walking, require procedural memory. Though we can do such tasks fairly easily, it's often hard to verbalize exactly how we do them.
• Procedural memory likely uses a different part of the brain than episodic memory with brain injuries, you can lose one ability without losing the other. That's why a person who has experienced amnesia and forgets much about his or her personal life often retains procedural memory: how to use a fork or drive a car, for example.
• Priming is another, smaller subset of implicit memory. It involves using pictures, words or other stimuli to help someone recognize another word or phrase in the future. Examples include using green to remember grass and red to remember apple.
• Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation