Question

• Identify health, public policy, or ethical issue. • Summarize the topic / issue • Provide background on the topic (literature review) • Present your thesis on the topic • Provide counter argument with supporting data and alternative • Refute counter claims with supporting data (literature) • Present your argument • State your opinion and supply supporting data for each of your major points. • Plan of action with a timeline

Answer 1

The ethical obligations of those who work for health are as old as the health professions themselves: indeed the commitment to place the interest of clients above all else is one of the hallmarks of professionalism. Ethical prescripions are found in many cultures, such as the oath and associated writings of Hippocrates in ancient Greece and the writings of the medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides. Though originating with the professions, ethical duties are of concern to society in general and their violation -as by the doctors who conducted experiments in the Nazi prison camps - can consitute human rights as well as ethical violations.

In response to the tremendous expansion of the powers of medicine and biomedical science in the 20th century, the new field of bioethics emerged in the 1960 s, first in North America and western Europe and eventually around the world. With contributions not only from moral philosophers but also from physicians, nurses and other health professionals, social and natural scientists and lawyers, bioethics has become a field of major concern. Health professionals, health authorities and the public debate the issues raised by organ and tissue transplantation, unequal access to lifesaving medicines, new reproductive technologies and vast increases in the numbers and types of clinical trials.

Incorporraing ethical analysis into public health raises many challenging questions. For example, what does ethical analysis add to public health beyond legal or public policy analysis? Is the law itself subject to a process of ongoing ethical scrutiny? When ethicists appeal to "values" , who gets to decide which values are worthy of protection over how these values should be prioritized in case of a conflict? How should ethical analysis address the tension between universal principles and culturally specific values, and find common ground among individuals from divorce cultural background? Such questions have practical implications for how public health policies are designed, implemented and evaluated. For example, when public health authorities make decisions about allocating limited resources, they will implicitly or explicitly determine which principles and values underlie those decisions. Such decisions also vary according to the processes by which they are made and to what extent the public, nongovernmental and international organisations and national or regional governments participate in these processes.

Conclusion : In relation to public health areas, World Health Organisation (WHO) is involved in providing leadership and guidance on the ethical issues involved. Most importantly in outbreaks and emergencies, research ethics, surveillance, Tuberculosis care and conrol, human genome editing (both somatic and germ cell) , human organ and tissue transplantation, HIV/AIDS, health systems and implementation research, biobanking, big data and artificial intelligence, immunisation, good governance in medicines, addressing ethical issues in vector -borne diseases and ageing. In the age of globalisation, the best benchmark is highlighted in healthcare system, and efforts are made by public authorities to improve the healthcare system locally to meet global standards. The covid-19 paendemic has shaken the world's health care system, and is a biggest challenge in recent times for the medical field.