Question

Question 1 Using the correct terminology, describe the normal structure, function and location and interrelationships of each of the body system. Also evaluate how the relationships between different body systems affect and support healthy functioning. This should include

1. Body regulation including

1. Maintenance of body temperature
2. Fluid and electrolyte (including PH) balance
3. Elimination of wastes from the body
4. Maintenance of blood pressure

2. Protection from infection
3. Physical activity- active and passive

Please answer for all points

(Please provide the answer for Certificate 3 Individual Support Worker/ Agecare)

Answer 1

B System	Primary Function	Organs Included
Respiratory	Breathing	Lungs Trachea
Cardiovascular/Circulatory	Blood circulation	Heart Arteries Veins Blood
Digestive	Processing food	Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, abdomen, appendix
Endocrine	Hormone production	A number of glands throughout the body, including but not limited to: Thyroid Pituitary Adrenal glands
Urinary	Waste elimination	Kidneys Bladder
Reproductive	Reproduction	Uterus Ovaries Fallopian tubes
Nervous/Sensory	Communication between and coordination of all the body systems	Nervous: Brain Nerves Sensory: Eyes Ears
Integumentary	Protects against damage	Skin Hair Nails
Muscular/Skeletal	Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body	Muscles Bones
Hematopoietic/Lymphatic	Blood production, maintenance of fluid balance, and defense against disease	Bone marrow Spleen Tonsils Lymph fluid, nodes, ducts, vessels

Maintenance of body temperature:-

  When heat activates sweat glands, these glands bring that water, along with the body's salt, to the surface of the skin as sweat. Once on the surface, the water evaporates. Water evaporating from the skin cools the body, keeping its temperature in a healthy range.

Fluid and electrolyte balance:-

Electrolytes, particularly sodium, help the body maintain normal fluid levels in the fluid compartments because the amount of fluid a compartment contains depends on the amount (concentration) of electrolytes in it. If the electrolyte concentration is high,fluid moves into that compartment (a process called osmosis).

Elimination of wastes from the body:-

  The excretory system is the system of an organism's body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.

Maintenance of blood pressure:-

Endothelial cells (ECs) are critical mediators of blood pressure (BP) regulation, primarily via the generation and release of vasorelaxants, including nitric oxide (NO). NO is produced in ECs by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), which is activated by both calcium (Ca2+)-dependent and independent pathways. Here, we report that intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is required for Ca2+-dependent eNOS activation. EC-specific type 1 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor knockout (IP3R1−/−) mice are hypertensive and display blunted vasodilation in response to acetylcholine (ACh). Moreover, eNOS activity is reduced in both isolated IP3R1-deficient murine ECs and human ECs following IP3R1 knockdown. IP3R1 is upstream of calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine protein phosphatase. We show here that the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway is less active and eNOS levels are decreased in IP3R1-deficient ECs. Furthermore, the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A, whose use has been associated with the development of hypertension, reduces eNOS activity and vasodilation following ACh stimulation. Our results demonstrate that IP3R1 plays a crucial role in the EC-mediated vasorelaxation and the maintenance of normal BP.

Protection from infection:-

Natural barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid. Also, the normal flow of urine washes out microorganisms that enter the urinary tract. The immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies to identify and eliminate organisms that get through the body's natural barriers.