assumptions made by the CAPM, only three appear needed for the APT:
(i) Investors seek return tempered by risk: they are risk-averse and seek to ma their terminal wealth.
(ii) Investors can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate.
(iii) There are no market frictions such as transactions costs, taxes, or restriction short-selling.
(iv) Investors agree on the number and identity of the factors that are important systematically in pricing assets.
(v) There are no riskless arbitrage profit opportunities.
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