Question

High-level computer languages are created to be understood by humans. As a result, the keywords and the commands of these languages are easy to understand. Machine languages are harder to understand and operate.

For this assignment, you should assume that the memory cells at addresses F0 to F9 are in the machine described here:

Op-Code	Operand	Description
1	RXY	LOAD the register R with the bit pattern found in the memory cell whose address is XY
2	RXY	LOAD the register R with the bit XY
3	RXY	STORE the bit pattern found in register R in the memory cell whose address is XY
4	0RS	MOVE the bit pattern found in register R to register S
5	RST	ADD the bit patterns in registers S and T as though they were two’s complement representations and leave the result in register R
6	RST	ADD the bit patterns in registers S and T as though they represented values in floating-point notation and leave the result in register R
7	RST	OR the bit pattern in registers S and T and place the result in register R
8	RST	AND the bit patterns in register S and T and place the result in register R
9	RST	Exclusive OR the bit patterns in registers S and T and place the result in register R
A	R0X	ROTATE the bit pattern in register R one bit to the right X times. Each time place the bit that started at the low-order end at the high-order end.
B	RXY	JUMP to the instruction located in the memory cell at address XY if the bit pattern in register R is equal to the bit pattern in register number 0. Otherwise, continue with the normal sequence of execution.
C	000	HALT execution

and that it contains the hexadecimal bit patterns described in the following table:

F0	20
F1	C0
F2	30
F3	F8
F4	20
F5	00
F6	30
F7	F9
F8	FF
F9	FF

1. Explain (in detail) each step of the machine cycle. Show the contents of each of the registers and each of the memory cells after the execution of the code.

2. Compare and contrast machine and high-level languages using resources from the Internet or AIU’s library. Be sure to explain why the hexadecimal and binary codes are important for programming in both languages.

Answer 1

The steps performed by the computer processor for every machine language instruction received. The machine cycle is a 4 method cycle that has reading and decoding the machine language, executing the code and then storing that code.

Four steps of Machine cycle

Fetch - Retrieve an instruction from the memory.

Decode - Translate the retrieved instruction into a series of pc commands.

Execute - Execute the computer commands.

Store - Sand and write the results back in memory

• The decode cycle uses the contents of the IR to verify that gates ought to be opened between the CPU's numerous practical units and busses and what operation the ALU(s) ought to perform.
• Each gate permits knowledge to flow from one unit to a different or permits knowledge from one output onto a sure bus. In the simplest case each little bit of the instruction register management’s one gate or many bits could control the ALU operation.
• This is rarely used as a result of it needs long instruction words. Commonly, groups of bits from the IR are fed through decoders to management higher level aspects of the CPU's operation, e.g. source and destination registers, addressing mode and ALU operation. This is referred to as vertical encoding.
• One way reduced instruction set computing processors gain their advantage in speed is by having easy instruction decipherment which may be performed quickly.

• The execute cycle occurs once the decipherment logic has settled and entails the passing of values between the numerous perform units and busses and also the operation of the ALU. A simple instruction would force solely one execute cycle whereas a fancy instruction could need 3 or four. Instructions in a reduced instruction set computing generally take solely one cycle.

• The store cycle is when the results of the instruction are written to its destination, either a register or a memory location. This is really a execute cycle as a result of some directions could write to multiple destinations as part of their execution.

2)

Both high-level and low-level languages are necessary for the communication between the engineer and the process unit of a pc. The smallest print regarding the high-level vs. machine language comparison is summarized below:

A machine language is designed in terms of execution by the hardware of the pc. A high-level language is a simple, reliable, and efficient means to categorical the ability of an engineer into commands that a pc can perceive. The task of programming using binary code would be advanced and arduous. These characteristics would result in programs that may be difficult to scan, check for errors, or debug. A slight change in machine language, e.g. the change of a bit, may have an effect on the whole instruction sequence. Instructions written in a machine language are often terribly protracted. This can simply lead to errors throughout programming. What's additional, the whole process may become terribly long and expensive. For example, a simple subtraction between 2 numbers would need quite 10 directions in machine language.

Nevertheless, machine language is the only language the central process unit understands. And it is the sole bridge of communication between the programmer and also the pc. Although most programmers do not use machine language to jot down their programs any longer, it is essential that they still have the knowledge of it, since many tasks are higher accomplished with its use.

Binary, hexadecimal, and octal refer to completely different variety systems. The one that we generally use is known as decimal. These number systems refer to the amount of symbols accustomed represent numbers. In the positional representation system, we use 10 completely different symbols: zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. with these ten symbols, we will represent any amount. For example, if we see a two, then we recognize that there are 2 of one thing. For example, this sentence has 2 periods on the finish...When we tend to run out of symbols, we go to following digit placement. To represent one higher than 9, we use ten which means one unit of 10 and zero units of 1. This may appear elementary, but it is crucial to know our default system of numeration if you wish to know different variety systems.