Question

1. A patient walks into the pharmacy looking for an over the counter relief for the joint pain in their knees. They state that the pain only occurs hours after they have been walking. This most likely represents arthritis due to which of the following?
A. Gout
B. Osteoarthritis
C. Rheumatoid Arthritis
D. Psoriatic Arthritis
E. Lupus Erythematosus

2. Increased formation of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor results from activation of which of the following pathways?
A. polyol pathway
B. advanced glycosylation pathway
C. hexosamine pathway
D. diacyl glycerol/protein kinase C pathway

3. You are looking at thyroid dysfunction in the chart for a patient in the clinic. Which of the following would represent a primary disorder resulting in thyroid dysfunction?
A. Graves disease in the thyroid gland
B. infection and destruction of the anterior pituitary gland
C. a tumor secreting Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in the hypothalamus

4. Which of the following is an example of postrenal failure?
A. hypersensitivity response to a sulfonamide in the tubular interstitium
B. septicemia
C. neurogenic bladder
D. aggressive diuretic administration resulting in dehydration
E. bilateral nephrolithiasis

5. Which of the following pathways mechanism of action is the result of a depletion of antioxidants, such as glutathione, resulting in tissue damage?
A. polyol pathway
B. advanced glycosylation pathway
C. hexosamine pathway
D. diacyl glycerol/protein kinase C pathway

Answer 1

1A Gout

Explanation-

Gout is the type of arthritis which arises due to uric acid deposition at the knee joint which causes inflammation, severe pain and redness.The pain increases upon the muscular activity such as walking ,it causes joint pain. Osteoarthritis develops in aged people , the water content in the cartilage increases and cartilage protein starts degrading which causes swollen joints and pain.It gets eased upon walking .The rheumatoid arthritis is the autoimmune condition causes infections,inflammations, joint pain,stiffness etc. The psoriatic arthritis develops in the patient with the skin disorder psoriasis ,causes red patches on skin, joint pain and swelling. The lupus erythematosus is the autoimmune condition of skin inflammation and rash ,can get severe in direct light ,also causes multiple joint pain and stiffness.

2.