what's the difference between univeralism and means testing regarding social welfare policies?
Means-testing costs less in public resources and wastes less.
For a given budget, universalism means less for the poor, while means-testing entails more for the poor
means-testing is a wrong approach to poverty removal nonetheless does not itself make a case for universalism.
Means-testing programs have always been characterized by low take-up rates, very low rates in some cases.
For a given budget, universalism means less for the poor, while means-testing entails more for the poor.
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