Question

Distinguish between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes.

Oncogenes are genes that induce or maintain uncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with cancer. They are mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, which normally function to regulate cell division.

Proto-oncogenes are genes that induce or maintain uncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with cancer. They are mutant forms of oncogenes, which normally function to regulate cell division.

Part B

In what ways can proto-oncogenes be converted to oncogenes?

Check all that apply.

translocations

gene amplification

repositioning of regulatory sequences

point mutations

What is apoptosis?

genetic predisposition to cancer

type of communication between cells

programmed cell birth

programmed cell death

Part B

Under what circumstances do cells undergo this process?

Under what circumstances do cells undergo this process?

It is a natural process involved in a mechanism which leads to cancer formation.

The process occurs only in case of cancer cells formation.

The process occurs only in case of cancer cells destruction.

It is a natural process involved in a protective mechanism against cancer formation.

Answer 1

Ans. Part B

1. All options are correct

translocation leads to higher expression or a fusion protein resulting in oncogenic activity.

point mutation causes formation of hyperactive gene or increased transcription.

gene amplification leads to chromosomal copies of proto oncogenes.

2. Programmed cell death

Apoptosis occurs in multicellular organisms. Some biological events cause the changes in cell and finally lead to death of the cell. The whole process is programmed and regulated. It means that apoptosis is controlled cell death.

part B

Ans. Its a natural process involved in a protective mechanism against cancer formation.

  in apoptosis death of cell occurs in programmed manner. So this generally happens when DNA becomes damaged or cancerous.