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Please write detail for detail ! Calcium, IP3, and cyclic AMP are all small molecules that...

Please write detail for detail !



Calcium, IP3, and cyclic AMP are all small molecules that can be found inside most cells, yet they are known to be important second messengers that can increase or decrease in response to a wide variety of signals. However, each signal often produces completely different responses. Give an example of this phenomenon, and explain how such responses occur.
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Calcium ions plays important role in cellular signaling, whose concentration increases up to 500 to 1000 nm through opening channels in endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane. Generally calcium will be injected from cytosine to extra cellular space or mitochondria. Receptors such as G protein coupled receptors activates phospholipase enzyme, which hydrolysis phospholipid. Ionositol triphosphate (IP 3) diffuses through endoplasmic reticulum and binds with IP3 and which acts as calcium channel and releases calcium from endoplasmic reticulum. Cyclic AMP is the product from ATP which is main factor in intracellular signal transduction pathways. It plays a major role in transferring the effects of hormones across cells such glucagon and in ion channels also. It functions by activating protein kinases

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