Question

The makers of highly caffeinated energy drinks such as Red Bull or Monster claim that the energy drinks have nutritional value and improve performance, concentration, and endurance. The main active ingredients of such drinks include caffeine, guarana extract, taurine, and ginseng, and there are increasing reports in the medical literature that consuming such drinks can have adverse effects on adolescent and young adult health. Investigators launched a study to determine whether consuming energy drinks was associated with incident (new) cases of cardiac symptoms among young adults. They enrolled 600 young adults in a 3-year study. In this cohort, 297 reported that they regularly consumed energy drinks at events such as dance parties and other gatherings. At the end of 3 years, 128 of the energy drink consumers had been seen in the emergency department for cardiac symptoms such as tachycardia, palpitations, or arrhythmia. Among the non-energy drinkers, 17 had been to the emergency department for cardiac-related symptoms.

Calculate the measure of association. State the formula and show all your work.(use two decimal points)

a. 7.68

b. 1.30

c. 2.32

d. 12.74

Answer 1