Question

History:: Please describe each term in 4~5 sentences.

-Great Migration

-Eugenics

-Universal Negro Improvement Association

- Dust Bowl

-The Second New Deal

Answer 1

GREAT MIGRATION:- The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during the First World War. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges to create a black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come.

EUGENICS:- the selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations, typically in reference to humans. The term eugenics was coined in 1883 by British explorer and natural scientist Francis Galton, who, influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, advocated a system that would allow “the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable.” Social Darwinism, the popular theory in the late 19th century that life for humans in society was ruled by “survival of the fittest,” helped advance eugenics into serious scientific study in the early 1900s. By World War I, many scientific authorities and political leaders supported eugenics. However, it ultimately failed as a science in the 1930s and ’40s, when the assumptions of eugenicists became heavily criticized and the Nazis used eugenics to support the extermination of entire races.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA):- primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main influence was felt in the principal urban black neighbourhoods of the U.S. North after his arrival in Harlem, in New York City, in 1916. The UNIA never revived. Although the organization did not transport a single person to Africa, its influence reached multitudes on both sides of the Atlantic, and it proved to be a forerunner of black nationalism, which emerged in the U.S. after World War II.

DUST BOWL:-The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions.

SECOND NEW DEAL:-The Second New Deal was the name given to a series of federal programs passed by Congress between 1935 and 1938 to counteract the Great Depression. Several of the first New Deal programs proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) had earlier been declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's Second New Deal included higher taxes for the rich, stricter regulations for private utilities, and increased subsidies for rural electrification. Three federal acts formed the heart of the Second New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, established a set of fair employment standards and guaranteed the right of workers to organize and collectively bargain with management through union representatives. The Social Security Act of 1935 created a retirement fund, unemployment insurance, and welfare grants for local distribution, including aid for dependent children. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was the final significant piece of the Second New Deal. It prescribed the maximum hours employees could be required to work without being paid overtime and also prescribed the minimum wage they could earn.