Question

Q # 6: What are the differences between a hallucination, flashback, and a halluciongen persisting perception disorder?

Q # 7: What is a mixed stimulant-psychedelic drug and how does it differ from LSD? Compare and contrast the symptoms of an entactogen and an empathogen,

Q # 8: Describe the effects of MDMA metabolism and the length of psychedelic drug effects on an individual.

Q # 9: How can MDMA alter serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission? What kinds of changes happen to the brain as a result of MDMA use?

Q # 10: Explain how recreational use of MDMA, PCP, ketamine, and dizocilpine can cause dissociative disorders? Can any of these drugs be instrumentally used to treat psychological disorders?

Answer 1

• 6.A flashback is the sensation of re-experiencing the effects of a drug after the true effects of the drug have worn off. Most often, flashbacks are used to describe the re-experiencing of the effects of a hallucinogenic drug, such as LSD or magic mushrooms. Flashbacks typically happen in the days or weeks following ingestion of the drug, but can happen months or even years after the drug use has been discontinued.
• Flashbacks that continue to happen in this way are a medically recognized phenomenon, which is documented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) as Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks).
• Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), can occur after a single hallucinogen experience and although the term “flashback” is often used interchangeably with HPPD, the distinctive differences come mainly when the flashbacks impair functioning or become clinically distressing.
• Flashbacks can come on unpredictably or in response to a trigger, such as tiredness, anxiety or stress. Most often, this is when they are problematic for the individual experiencing them -- as the individual is feeling vulnerable due to the trigger, the out-of-control feeling of being on a drug that has not been consumed can be very confusing and upsetting.
• A flashback is when out of the blue you are overcome by such an intense memory that it’s as if for a moment you are back in time. Usually flashbacks are a visual replay in your head, although it is possible that a flashback can simultaneously involve other senses, such as feeling tingles on your skin or smelling an odour.
  
• A hallucination, on the other hand, is when you perceive something as real that is not only not real, but never happened. Hallucinations are often thought of as ‘seeing things’ that aren’t real, but visual hallucinations are not the only kind. You can have a hallucination using any sense at all – auditory, tactile, or even a smell or taste.
• If you were the victim of a trauma, including things like a natural disaster, mugging, or childhood abuse, you might find experiences in the present day trigger horrible strong visuals of the past event to run through your head. These are flashbacks.
• If you feel that a strange man is always following you, or constantly smell gasoline, or hear a woman always calling your name, or feel like someone is always tapping you on the shoulder, you are experiencing hallucinations.
• Flashbacks are based on real trauma. They are often a part of post traumatic shock syndrome (PTSD) and are also common for those who have suffered childhood abuse.
• Hallucinations, on the other hand, are linked to psychosis, which means youare out of touch with reality and your mind is essentially playing tricks on you.
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