Theories for the issues of smoking cigarette:
1. Behavior theory
2. Social cognitive theory
3. Theory of planned behavior
4. Health belief model
5. Social ecological model
6. Transtheoritical model
7.psycho analytical theory.
1. Behavior Theory:
Behavioural theories (or behaviourism) focus on how people learn
to behave in particular ways. Behaviourism was born from two main
schools of thought:
- Classical conditioning, whereby a person learns to associate
two previously unrelated stimuli (e.g., Pavlov’s famous experiments
in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with
food).In terms of smoking, a person can learn to associate smoking
with other feelings and events (such as being in a stressful
situation or having a coffee) and these situations then
automatically induce cravings and ‘cue’ his or her smoking
behaviour.
- Operant conditioning, which posits that behaviour is shaped by
its consequences (i.e., reward or punishment). When nicotine is
inhaled, it causes a rapid release of dopamine, in turn causing
feelings of pleasure that reward and reinforce the behaviour. This
pleasure and reinforcement drive the process of addiction.
- 2. Social cognitive theory:Social learning theory forms the
basis of cognitive behavioural therapy, which considers that
people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours can interact with and
influence each other to maintain problem behaviours. Cognitive
behavioural approaches to smoking cessation aim to break the
situational and emotional connections that have been established
with smoking. Behavioural strategies target the pleasurable
associations and situational cues that reinforce and maintain
smoking, while cognitive strategies target the cognitions and
emotions that may also play a role in the person’s tobacco use (for
example, the person may believe he or she does not have any control
over smoking, or perceive that it helps with coping)
- 3. Theory of planned behavior: The theory of planned behaviour
(TPB) states that people’s behavioural intentions and behaviours
are determined by their attitudes, social pressure (i.e.,
subjective norms), and the amount of control they perceive to have
over the behaviour.
- 4. Health Belief model:
- The health belief model (HBM) is based on expectancy–value
theory, which posits that a person’s values and expectations drive
motivation. The HBM was developed to explain and predict
health-related behaviours, and is one of the most commonly applied
models in health behaviour research and practice.
- 5. Psychoanalytic theory:
- Freudian theorists view smoking as caused by fixation at the
oral stage. The oral personality, according to the theory, regards
the mouth as the greatest source of pleasure, leading to excessive
consumption of food, alcohol, or drugs. A number of studies have
tried to link orality and smoking, thus supporting the value of
psychoanalytic theory in this context; however, results are mixed
and studies are generally of poor quality.