Question

What theoretical basis would work best for the issue of smoking cigarettes.

What theoretical basis would work best for the issue of smoking cigarettes.

Homework Answers

Answer #1

Theories for the issues of smoking cigarette:

1. Behavior theory

2. Social cognitive theory

3. Theory of planned behavior

4. Health belief model

5. Social ecological model

6. Transtheoritical model

7.psycho analytical theory.

1. Behavior Theory:

Behavioural theories (or behaviourism) focus on how people learn to behave in particular ways. Behaviourism was born from two main schools of thought:

  • Classical conditioning, whereby a person learns to associate two previously unrelated stimuli (e.g., Pavlov’s famous experiments in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food).In terms of smoking, a person can learn to associate smoking with other feelings and events (such as being in a stressful situation or having a coffee) and these situations then automatically induce cravings and ‘cue’ his or her smoking behaviour.
  • Operant conditioning, which posits that behaviour is shaped by its consequences (i.e., reward or punishment). When nicotine is inhaled, it causes a rapid release of dopamine, in turn causing feelings of pleasure that reward and reinforce the behaviour. This pleasure and reinforcement drive the process of addiction.
  • 2. Social cognitive theory:Social learning theory forms the basis of cognitive behavioural therapy, which considers that people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours can interact with and influence each other to maintain problem behaviours. Cognitive behavioural approaches to smoking cessation aim to break the situational and emotional connections that have been established with smoking. Behavioural strategies target the pleasurable associations and situational cues that reinforce and maintain smoking, while cognitive strategies target the cognitions and emotions that may also play a role in the person’s tobacco use (for example, the person may believe he or she does not have any control over smoking, or perceive that it helps with coping)
  • 3. Theory of planned behavior: The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) states that people’s behavioural intentions and behaviours are determined by their attitudes, social pressure (i.e., subjective norms), and the amount of control they perceive to have over the behaviour.
  • 4. Health Belief model:
  • The health belief model (HBM) is based on expectancy–value theory, which posits that a person’s values and expectations drive motivation. The HBM was developed to explain and predict health-related behaviours, and is one of the most commonly applied models in health behaviour research and practice.
  • 5. Psychoanalytic theory:
  • Freudian theorists view smoking as caused by fixation at the oral stage. The oral personality, according to the theory, regards the mouth as the greatest source of pleasure, leading to excessive consumption of food, alcohol, or drugs. A number of studies have tried to link orality and smoking, thus supporting the value of psychoanalytic theory in this context; however, results are mixed and studies are generally of poor quality.
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