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Discuss the reasons for the creation of cis-trans isomers. Please provide examples

Discuss the reasons for the creation of cis-trans isomers. Please provide examples

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cis-trans isomerism  is common and easy to recognize kind of geometric isomerism. The carbon-carbon double truly has limited rotation. The double bond in the alkene functional group consists of a σ-bond located within the plane of the molecule and a π-bond located perpendicular to the plane of the molecule.The π-bond is made from pp-orbitals, so it cannot have the same symmetry as the σ-bond.In order for the molecule to rotate from ciscis to transtrans, the bond axis would need to rotate so that the p-orbitals are no longer aligned and can no longer form the π-bond.Rotation around the double bond requires enough energy input to break the π-bond, at least 250 kJ/mol, which is a lot for room temperature.

EX: cis-1,2-dichloroethane and trans-1,2-dichloroethane

Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid

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