Question

1. A potential disadvantage of sexual reproduction is the 'cost of sex', or more specifically, the 'cost of males'. As discussed in class and in the textbook, the 'cost of males' can be seen in a comparison of sexual versus asexual reproduction. Specifically, the 'cost of males' is evident in which of the following?

A. reduced number of offspring produced by each reproductive female

• B. reduced population growth in sexually reproducing populations compared to asexually reproducing populations

• C. reduced survival following exposure to infectious bacteria

• D. reduced tolerance of different food types

2. The shifting baseline syndrome in conservation refers to

A. increases in baseline levels of pollutants in the tissues of higher trophic level organisms

• B. shifts in the community structure and function resulting from biodiversity loss

• C. the situation in which over time knowledge is lost about the state of the natural world, because people don't perceive all changes that have taken place over long time scales

• D. amplified risk of extinction for populations as baseline ecosystem functioning deteriorates

3. The space for time substitution in successional studies assumes which of the following?

A. Different environmental conditions can lead to different successional pathways.

B. The strength of disturbances are the same in historical and current / future periods

C. Current and future conditions influencing succession are the same as those that influenced previous successional changes.

D. Species composition in the past differs from current / future composition

4. The shifting baseline syndrome in conservation refers to

A. increases in baseline levels of pollutants in the tissues of higher trophic level organisms

B.shifts in the community structure and function resulting from biodiversity loss

C. the situation in which over time knowledge is lost about the state of the natural world, because people don't perceive all changes that have taken place over long time scales

D. amplified risk of extinction for populations as baseline ecosystem functioning deteriorates

5. User groups that have an interest in the management of a particular ecosystem (harvesters, conservationists, tourists, etc.) are broadly called what ?

A. managers B. stakeholders C. resource users D. exploiter

6. The ability of a community to remain the same in its structure and function following any disturbance is referred to as community

A. stability B. hysteresis C. biotic resistance D. vicariance

Answer 1

1. Right answer is "b" - reduced population growth in sexually reproducing population as all male progeny won't be able to reproduce and therefore result in reduced population at the cost of males.

2. The right answer is "c" the situation under which knowledge is lost and cognitive development diminishes gradually is called a shifting baseline syndrome.

3. The right answer is "c" -  Current and future conditions influencing succession are the same as those that influenced previous successional changes. This model is sometimes utilized in biodiversity modelling.

4. The question is repeated.

5. The anseer is " stakeholders

6. The correct answer is biotic-resistane.

Thank you.