Question

Multiple choice: All of the following characteristics apply to tissues known as the “fourth primary tissue layer”, except:

A) Neural crest cells represent a stem cell population that arises exclusively in the embryos of vertebrates (not found in any invertebrates).

B) Neural crest cells differentiate into tissues that contribute to the significantly greater complexity of vertebrates, relative to any of the invertebrate phyla.

B) Neural crest cells are found among all vertebrates that become fast moving predators; however, they are not present in herbivores (e.g., rabbits) because they are typically prey species.

D) Neural crest cells have particular significance with regards to equipping vertebrate bodies for the kinds of stresses associated with predator-prey interactions and survival of the fittest.

Answer 1

Neural crest cells are cells unique found in vertebrates that arise from the embryonic ectoderm germ layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia. This contributes to greater complexity of vertebrates when compared to the invertebrates So the first and second statement is true.

New characteristics that have emerged during vertebrate evolution and most of these are found in the head and relate to food detection and ingestion, which was essential for the transition from the filter‐feeding protochordate state to that of the active predator. Mnay of these features of the vertebrate head is derived from the neural crest and placodes. So the 4th statement is also true

Nueral crEst cells are found in all vertebrates so the 3rd statement is wrong