Question

3. Foos and Clark (1982) studied the influence of expectations on test performance. They found that the kind of test that a student expected to take would affect the way in which they studied the material. Below are scores from an experiment designed to replicate Foos and Clark's research. A total of 20 undergraduate students were given a 3000- word passage to read and were told that they would be tested over the material. They were then assigned to one of four treatment groups. In the first group, the students were told to expect a multiple-choice test, in the second group, they were told to expect an essay; in the third group, they were told to expect a memory test; and in the fourth group they were not told what to expect. After studying the passage, all students were give exactly the same test, which had a combination of multiple-choice and short-answer items. Given below are scores from their test. Is there any evidence that expectation influences performance? Use an ANOVA for these data. written APA presentation needed.

Type of Test Expected
Multiple-Choice 10,9,7,14,8

Essay12,16,13,15,10

Memory 19,23,19,21,23

Told Nothing 22,19,18,25,23

Note. Higher scores indicate better performance on the final test.

Answer 1

using excel>data>data analysis>Anova single Factor

we have

Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups	Count	Sum	Average	Variance
multiple choice	5	48	9.6	7.3
Essay	5	66	13.2	5.7
memory	5	105	21	4
Told Nothing	5	107	21.4	8.3
ANOVA
Source of Variation	SS	df	MS	F	P-value	F crit
Between Groups	513	3	171	27.03557	1.68E-06	3.238872
Within Groups	101.2	16	6.325
Total	614.2	19

the null and alternative hypothesis is

Ho: u(multiple choice) =u(Essay)=u(Memory)=u(told nothing)

Ha: at least two means are different

the value of F stat is 27.03 , p value is 0.0000 since p value is kless than 0.05 so we reject Ho and conclude that that expectation influences performance