Question

Measures of association ?

increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables.

provide proof of causal relationships among variables.

enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another.

both increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another

Answer 1

We know that measure of association is helpful for us in predicting one variable with the help of another variable.

Measure of association also helps in determining whether a given relationship is due to causal reasons or it is just due to correlation.

so, option A is correct (explained above)

option B is incorrect as measure of association only helps in understanding causal relationships, but it never provide us proof.

option C is correct (explained above)

therefore, final answer is option D

both, increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another