Question

Use the information provided in each research description to identify:

1. the IV(s) and its levels and the DV or the classification variable and its categories and the DV (if chi-square analysis) or the X/Y variables (if correlation or regression)
2. the nature (continuous or discrete) of the DV or the X/Y variables
3. the appropriate statistical analysis

1. Richardson (1983) predicted that students will learn most effectively with a constant background sound, as opposed to an unpredictable sound or no sound at all. She randomly divided twenty-four students into three groups of eight. All students studied a passage of text for 30 minutes. Those in group 1 studied with background sound at a constant volume in the background. Those in group 2 studied with noise that changed volume periodically. Those in group 3 studied with no sound at all. After studying, all students took a 10-point multiple choice test over the material.
2. Klahr and Nigam (2004) investigated whether learning by discovery is better than learning by direct instruction. Two groups of third grade students were asked to design a scientific experiment after experiencing either learning by discovery or direct instruction, after which their grade on the project (0-100%) was assessed.

Answer 1

Richardson Study:

A.

Independent variables (IVs) = Sound

and it has three levels namely = Sound at a constant volume in the background, Noise that changed volume periodically and no sound at all.

Dependent Variable (DV) = Students' learning

B.

DVs nature = Discrete

Klahr and Nigam (2004) study:

A.

Independent variables (IVs) = Method of learning

and it has two levels namely = Learning by discovery and learning by direct instruction

Dependent Variable (DV) = Students' grade

B.

DVs nature = Continuous

Note: Since data is not provided statistical analysis can't be done hence I have not answered that part.

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