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A researcher would like to find out if there is any relationship between age (young and...

A researcher would like to find out if there is any relationship between age (young and old) and ramen consumption (high and low) among Singaporeans. From the data he obtained, he suspects that sex is a confounder. Which of the following should hold to show that he is correct?
I. The percentage of old people among males is different from the percentage of old people among females.
II. The percentage of males among the high ramen consumers is different from the percentage of females among the high ramen consumers.
III. The percentage of high ramen consumers among males is different from the percentage of high ramen consumers among females.

A) I only.

B) I and II only.

C) I and III only.

D) II and III only.

E) III only.

Math   Statistics-And-Probability   
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Answer #1

In the study, ramen consumption is observed for different age groups.

So ramen consumption is a dependent variable while the age group is an independent variable.

Sex here is a lurking variable because it is not considered in the study, but can affect the results of the study.

In the study, if it is suspected that sex is a confounder then ramen consumption should be observed in both sexes keeping other factors(age, weight, etc.) the same.

Also, ramen consumption is observed for different age groups. So ramen consumption should be observed under similar conditions by just varying ages.

II and III are correct.

I is not correct because ramen consumption cannot be studied by observing age and sex only. And the claim is about the relationship between age, sex with ramen consumption. This is not related to the researcher's claim.

Correct option: D

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