In North America, between 100 million and 1 billion birds die each year by crashing into windows on buildings, more than any other human-related cause. One possible solution is to construct windows angles downward slightly, so that they reflect the ground rather than an image of the sky to a flying bird. An experiment by Klem et al. (2004) compared the number of bird that died as a result of vertical windows, windows angled 20 degrees off vertical, and windows angles 40 degrees off vertical. The angles were randomly assigned with equal probability to six windows and changed daily; assumed for this exercise that windows and window locations were identical in every respect except angle. Over the course of the experiment, 30 birds were killed by windows in the vertical orientation, 15 were killed by windows set at 20 degrees off vertical, and 8 were killed by windows set at 40 degrees off vertical. Fill out the table.
Window Angle | Observed Mortality | Expected Proportion | Expected Mortality |
Vertical | 30 | ||
20 degrees | 15 | ||
40 degrees | 8 | ||
TOTAL | 53 |
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