Question

Part 2: The Cohort Study

Data for the cohort study were obtained from the population of all physicians listed in the British Medical Register who resided in England and Wales as of October 1951. Questionnaires were mailed in October 1951 to 59,600 physicians. The questionnaire asked the physicians to classify themselves into one of three categories: 1) current smoker, 2) ex-smoker, or 3) nonsmoker. Smokers and ex-smokers were asked the amount they smoked, their method of smoking, the age they started to smoke, and, if they had stopped smoking, how long it had been since they last smoked. Nonsmokers were defined as persons who had never consistently smoked as much as one cigarette day for as long as one year. Physicians were also asked whether or not they had a diagnosis of lung cancer. Usable responses to the questionnaires were received from 40,637 (68%) physicians, of whom 34,445 were males and 6,192 were females. The next section of this case study is limited to the analysis of male physician respondents, 35 years of age or older.

The occurrence of lung cancer in physicians responding to the questionnaire was documented over a 10-year period (November 1951 through October 1961) from death certificates filed with the Registrar General of the United Kingdom and from lists of physician deaths provided by the British Medical Association. All certificates indicating that the decedent was a physician were abstracted. For each death attributed to lung cancer, medical records were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis.

Diagnoses of lung cancer were based on the best evidence available; about 70% were from biopsy, autopsy, or sputum cytology (combined with bronchoscopy or X-ray evidence); 29% were from cytology, bronchoscopy, or X-ray alone; and only 1% were from just case history, physical examination, or death certificate. In total, there were 355 cases of lung cancer during this 10-year time period, with 255 newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer.

Of 4,597 deaths in the cohort over the 10-year period, 157 were reported to have been caused by lung cancer; in 4 of the 157 cases this diagnosis could not be documented, leaving 153 confirmed deaths from lung cancer.

The following table shows numbers of lung cancer deaths by daily number of cigarettes smoked at the time of the 1951 questionnaire (for male physicians who were nonsmokers and current smokers only). Person-years of observation ("person-years at risk") are given for each smoking category. The number of cigarettes smoked was available for 136 of the persons who died from lung cancer.

Table 3: Number and rate (per 100,000 person-years) of lung cancer deaths by number of cigarettes smoked per day, Doll and Hill physician cohort study, Great Britain, 1951–1961.

Daily number of cigarettes smoked	Deaths from lung cancer	Person-years at risk	Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years
0	3	42,800	0.07
1–14	22	38,600
15–24	54	38,900
25+	57	25,100
All smokers	133	102,600
Total	136	145,400

Accurately calculates the lung cancer mortality rates for each smoking category. Be sure to show your calculations.

Describe the trends or patterns you see in the data about mortality, and explain what the trends or patterns mean.

Answer 1

We first enter data into excel sheet . and calculate Mortality rate using following formula,

And Then draw a scatter plot for Mortality rate against Daily number of cigarettes smoked using following path

Select data of columns "Daily number of cigarettes smoked" and "Mortality rate" Insert (menu bar) Charts Scatter plot   Give axis titles

Result is as

Here we see that trend of mortality rate is increasing contineously against daily number of cigarettes smoked.