Question

In observational studies, the observed relationship between an independent and a dependent variable may be caused by some other, uncontrolled difference. So we always ask, “How else, besides the independent variable, do the subjects differ?”

For the two hypotheses below:

a. Think up a plausible alternative casual variable on which the subjects might differ

b. Describe how this variable might affect the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable

Hypothesis 1: In a comparison of congressional candidates, candidates who raise large amounts of money during their campaigns are more likely to win than are candidates who raise small amounts of money.

Hypothesis 2: In a comparison of students, those who arrive late to class will be more likely to receive poor grades than those who arrive on time.

Answer 1

Hypothesis 1:

A.

Wealth Owned

B.

Richer Candidates can run better advertisements and more targeted campaigns and may have better connections in the business fraternity thus giving them an edge at fundraising increasing their chances of success.

Hypothesis 2:

A.

Income status of the student

B.

Richer students would have better means of conveyance e.g. car etc. and have better tutoring facilities which lead to better grades and timely arrival in the class.

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