We have given that the Probability that Luis will pass his test is 0.81 and we have to find the probability that he will fail his statistics test.
Using Kolmogorov's axiom 2 of probability theory we know that the sum of probabilities of all the possible outcomes is one.
In this case there are two possible outcomes, one is luis will pass the test and the other is luis will fail his test.
So using Kolmogorov's axiom 2 of probability theory
P(luis will fail his test) +P(luis will pass the test) =1
So, P(luis will fail his test) = 1-P(luis will pass his test)
Hence P(luis will fail his test) = 1-0.81 = 0.19.
So, probability that luis will fail his statistics test is 0.19.
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