In an independent-measures ANOVA, individual differences contribute to the variance in the numerator and the denominator of the F-ratio. For a repeated-measures ANOVA, what happens to the individual differences in the denominator of the F-ratio?
a. they do not exist because the same individuals participate in all treatments
b. they are measured and subtracted out in the second stage of the analysis
c. individual differences contribute to the variance in the denominator
d. none of the other options contribute
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