Question

The relationship between Adverse Child Experience (ACE) and grade retention (being held back in school) is the question begin ask.

What is the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 1

We know that independent variable is not dependent on other variables, but dependent variable is dependent on independent variables.

Here, dependent variable is grade retention because it is dependent on the adverse child experience or ACE.

Adverse child experience or ACE is not dependent on the grade retention as only grade retention can be changed based on adverse child experience or ACE.

therefore,

independent variable = adverse child experience or ACE

dependent variable = grade retention