Question

5.A study design method to control confounding involving the selection of study subjects so that potential confounders are distributed identically is called:

6.Residual confounding can result from:

7.When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal.

8.When the magnitude of the association between an exposure and disease is changed or modified by a third variable, this is known as

9.Effect modification is an arbitrary statistical phenomenon that should be controlled for and minimized in an analysis.

10.In effect modification, it is possible to have a relative risk associated with both factors that is larger than the product of the relative risk associated with each factor alone.

11.Effect modification is evaluated in stratified analyses through:

Answer 1

5) A study design method to control confounding involving the selection of study subjects so that potential confounders are distributed identically is called Matching.

6) Residual confounding can result from mainly 3 reasons (A)Residual differences in confounding (B) Randomized clinical trial (C) Small sample size .

7) When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal is a true satament.

8) When the magnitude of the association between an exposure and disease is changed or modified by a third variable, this is known as confounding.

9) Effect modification is an arbitrary statistical phenomenon that should be controlled for and minimized in an stratified analysis.

10) Question seems to be not clear ...What is the question I don't understand plz make it clear .

11) Effect modification is evaluated in stratified analyses through confounding .