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3. A cohort study of smoking and bladder cancer was conducted in a small island population....

3. A cohort study of smoking and bladder cancer was conducted in a small island population. There were a total of 1000 people on the island. Four hundred were smokers and 600 were not. Fifty of the smokers developed bladder cancer. Ten of the nonsmokers developed bladder cancer.

C. 1. Which measure of comparison would you use to describe the absolute effect of smoking on the risk of bladder cancer among smokers? 2. What is the formula for this measure of comparison? 3. Calculate this measure using the given data. Smoking Yes a 50 b 350 a + b 400 No c 10 d 590 c+ d 600 Total 60 940 1000 4. State the meaning of your answer in one sentence.

D. 1. Which measure of comparison would you use to describe the absolute effect of smoking on the risk of bladder cancer among the total island population? 2. What is the formula for this measure of comparison? 3. Calculate this measure of comparison using the given data. 4. State the meaning of your answer in one sentence. 5. Is the excess risk of disease among the total population generally LARGER or SMALLER than the excess risk of disease among exposed persons? Give the reason for your answer

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