Question

To infer causality, three conditions must be met. One of them is that:

Group of answer choices

X and Y occur at the same time.

X is not related to Y.

Confounding variables can be ruled out as causes.

Manipulating one variable does not influence another variable.

Answer 1

To infer causality, the three important necessary conditions are

1) Temporal sequencing, ie. one variable must come before the other.

2) Non spurious relationship, ie. the two variables cannot be related only due to chance.

3) Eliminate alternate causes, ie. there can be no other variable which could be considered as the cause.

So, the third requiement actually means that the confounding variables cannot be there.

So, the answer is option (C) Confounding variables can be ruled out as causes.