In soccer, serious fouls result in a penalty kick with one kicker and one defending goalkeeper. The accompanying table summarizes results from 309 kicks during games among top teams. In the table, jump direction indicates which way the goalkeeper jumped, where the kick direction is from the perspective of the goalkeeper. Use a 0.01significance level to test the claim that the direction of the kick is independent of the direction of the goalkeeper jump. Do the results support the theory that because the kicks are so fast, goalkeepers have no time to react, so the directions of their jumps are independent of the directions of the kicks?
Goalkeeper Jump
Left | Center | Right | ||
Kick to Left | 56 | 5 | 41 | |
Kick to Center | 44 | 8 | 35 | |
Kick to Right | 47 | 9 | 64 |
H0: Directions of their jumps are independent of the directions of the kicks
H1: Directions of their jumps are NOT independent of the directions of the kicks
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