Question

______ are programs designed to model the judgments of experts in a particular field.

  

A. Expert systems

  

B. Expert algorithms

  

C. Expert operations

  

D. Expert heuristics

Which of the following is an example of an ill-defined problem?

  

A. solving Rubik’s Cube puzzle

  

B. putting together your schedule of classes for next semester

  

C. solving an algebra problem

  

D. solving the Tower of Hanoi problem

A(n) ______ problem has a clear goal, a small set of starting information, and rules about how to attain the goal.

  

A. classic

  

B. laboratory

  

C. well-defined

  

D. introspective

According to Perkins (1981), creativity or creative thinking is ______.

  

A. limited to a small set of “creative people”

  

B. limited to a small set of completely “noncreative people”

  

C. a phenomenon that very few people ever experience

  

D. similar among both “creative” and “noncreative” people

Which of the following is a problem when studying incubation effects?

  

A. It is difficult to create an experimental design where participants take a break.

  

B. It is difficult to ensure that participants do not think about the problem during the incubation period.

  

C. It is difficult to create a problem which may benefit from incubation.

  

D. It is difficult to get participants to respond to a problem after an incubation period.

Contrary recognition is a form of ______ thinking.

  

A. analogical

  

B. metaphorical

  

C. featural

  

D. persuasive

Earning a degree in psychology can be described as an exercise in problem solving. To finish your degree, you need to complete a number of upper-level courses. To enroll in those courses, you must have successfully completed a course in Research Methods. But before you can take Research Methods, you need to have passed Statistics. Your progress through this series of sub-goals can be accomplished through ______.

  

A. generate-and-test

  

B. means-end analysis

  

C. reasoning by analogy

  

D. mental set

Although at times inconclusive, research on contrary recognition and incubation suggest that creativity can be defined as ______.

  

A. the creator’s value for original results

  

B. the creator’s ability to withstand lots of failure

  

C. the creator’s ability to plan and carry out that plan

  

D. all of these

When you walk away from a difficult problem and do something else for a while, then come back and solve the problem successfully, you have experienced the ______ effect.

  

A. incubation

  

B. mental-set

  

C. unconscious-processing

  

D. problem-space

Gick and Holyoak’s work on reasoning by analogy showed that ______.

  

A. subjects were unable to reason from analogy, even if told to do so

  

B. most subjects could use the “general” story to solve the tumor problem, but only if they were explicitly told to use it

  

C. subjects could reason from analogy without being explicitly told to do so if they saw two analogous problems to the tumor problem

  

D. subjects could reason from analogy after either (1) being explicitly told to do so, or (2) having seen two analogous problems, but otherwise they did not spontaneously reason from analogy

Answer 1

1. The correct answer is Option A. Expert systems are programs designed to model the judgments of experts in a particular field.

2. The correct answer is Option B. Putting together your schedule of classes for the next semester is an example of an ill-defined problem.

3. The correct answer is Option C. A well-defined problem has a clear goal, a small set of starting information, and rules about how to attain the goal.

4. The correct answer is Option D. According to Perkins (1981), creativity or creative thinking is similar among both “creative” and “non creative” people.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.