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Review: Why is it difficult to determine the prenatal effects of many environmental agents, such as...

Review: Why is it difficult to determine the prenatal effects of many environmental agents, such as drugs and pollution?

Apply: Nora, pregnant for the first time, believes that a few cigarettes and a glass of wine a day won't be harmful. Provide Nora with research-based reasons for not smoking or drinking?

Social-Sciences   Psychology   
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Since the influence of the level of teratogens such drugs and pollution depends on various factors such as the threshold, the duration of exposure, interaction effect and heredity. Due to the effect of the interaction; a teratogen that might be harmless in isolation but it may become dangerous when combined with others agents. The duration of exposure and the threshold effect may control when a teratogen might be harmless in small quantities or over shorter durations of exposure durations but it may become dangerous at certain levels or prolonged duration of exposure. Hence it is difficult to determine the prenatal effects of many environmental agents, such as drugs and pollution. The research-based reasons for not smoking or drinking include; citing cases of increased risks of Alcohol & Drug-Related Birth Defects, (NICHD, 2012)

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