1As one of the preeminent thinkers of the 19th century, Marx's
writing has been critical in the development of theories ranging
from capitalism and the economy to social development and human
nature. Among his valuable contributions to these fields are his
theories on the effects of social alienation on an individual's
ability to forge his or her own path in life.
Generally speaking, the term alienation is used to describe a
person who feels isolated from others or is prohibited from taking
part in aspects of society in which he or she should otherwise be
allowed to participate. For example, people who often perceive
themselves or are perceived by others to be 'outsiders' or a
'social misfits' might find that they are unwelcome in certain
areas of society and will therefore feel alienated from others
because they don't fit in.
From Marx's perspective, human beings distinguished themselves
from other animals based on their consciousness, autonomy, and
ability to be productive members of a society, which give them a
sense of purpose in life. Broadly, this is what Marx referred to as
human nature, which he characterized as the essence of a person, or
one's ability to control their own destiny to a certain
extent.
According to Marx's theory of alienation, when a person is
engaged in the lower rungs of a capitalist system, in which they
are just cogs in a much larger system, they are driven by those
within a higher social class to produce as much as possible. From
his point of view, this social position discouraged the laborer
from taking control of their own future or pursuing ways to climb
the social ladder, which put increasing distance between
individuals and their human nature.
This alienation has numerous negative effects, but one of the
most significant is that it precludes the opportunity for
self-actualization, which is the point at which an individual sees
the fulfillment of his or her potential. Being disconnected from
their humanity and denied the right to self-actualization causes
the individuals to see themselves or be seen by others as nothing
more than an object in a capitalist system of production.
2) Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of
production of goods or services are privately owned and operated
for a profit. In capitalism, individuals are given the freedom to
operate their business as they want and manage their own income.
Capitalism applies to every person who operates within this system;
therefore, business owners and employees are equally represented
within the capitalism model.
In terms of business operations, capitalism gives the most
freedom and flexibility to owners. Beyond taxation and standard
regulatory laws, the government does not control how the business
is operated or how the income is used.
Let's say you own a small farm that grows pumpkins. You
determine the best way to sell pumpkins is to have an annual event
and allow families to come enjoy a day on the farm, play games, and
pick their own pumpkin. Because you are part of a capitalist
society, you can offer these services, set the admission price,
charge whatever you want for pumpkins, and keep the net
profit.
Capitalistic ownership means two things. First, the owners
control the factors of production. Second, they derive their income
from their ownership. That gives them the ability to operate their
companies efficiently. It also provides them with the incentive to
maximize profit. This incentive is why many capitalists say "Greed
is good."
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