Question

What stages of moral reasoning did Kohlberg propose?

Answer 1

Answer. Stages of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg:-

Level I: Preconventional Morality   Seen in preschool children, most primary school understudies, some middle school understudies, and a couple of secondary school understudies

Stage 1: Punishment-avoidance and obedience.   People settle on choices in view of what is best for themselves, without respect for others' needs or emotions. They obey rules just if set up by more ground-breaking people; they may disobey in the event that they aren't probably going to get captured. "Wrong" practices are those that will be punished.

Stage 2: Exchange of favors.People perceive that others additionally have needs. They may endeavor to fulfill others' needs if their own particular needs are additionally met ("you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours"). They keep on defining good and bad fundamentally regarding outcomes to themselves.

Level II: Conventional Morality-Seen in a couple of more seasoned primary school understudies, some middle school understudies, and numerous secondary school understudies (Stage 4 normally does not show up until the secondary school years)

Stage 3: Good boy/girl-People settle on choices in view of what actions will please others, particularly authority figures and different people with high status (e.g., instructors, well known associates). They are worried about keeping up connections through sharing, trust, and steadfastness, and they consider other individuals' points of view and goals when deciding.

Stage 4: Law and order-People seek society all in all for rules about set in stone. They know rules are fundamental for keeping society running easily and trust it is their "obligation" to obey them. In any case, they see rules to be resolute; they don't really perceive that as society's needs change, rules should change too.

Level II: Postconventional Morality-Rarely observed before school (Stage 6 is amazingly uncommon even in grown-ups)

Stage 5: Social contract-People perceive that rules speak to assentions among numerous people about suitable conduct. Rules are viewed as possibly helpful systems that can keep up the general social order and secure individual rights, as opposed to as supreme manages that must be obeyed essentially on the grounds that they are "the law." People likewise perceive the adaptability of rules; rules that never again serve society's best advantages can and ought to be changed.

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle-Stage 6 is a hypothetical, "ideal" stage that few individuals ever reach. Individuals in this stage hold fast to a couple of unique, universal principles (e.g., uniformity surprisingly, regard for human pride, promise to equity) that rise above particular standards and rules. They reply to a solid internal conscience and readily disobey laws that damage their own particular ethical principles.