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What are the three elements of logos, ethos, and pathos, and what do they mean in...

What are the three elements of logos, ethos, and pathos, and what do they mean in a real-life argument?

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Answer #1
  • Aristotle’s "modes for persuasion" – otherwise known as rhetorical appeals – are known by the names of ethos, pathos, and logos. They are means of persuading others to believe a particular point of view. They are often used in speech writing and advertising to sway the audience.
  • Ethos (sometimes referred to as an appeal to ethics), then, is used as a means of convincing an audience via the authority or credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity.
  • Pathos (appeal to emotion) is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response to an impassioned plea or a convincing story.
  • Logos (appeal to logic) is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts and figures.
  • Understanding the different aspects of rhetoric will make you more aware of what goes into creating a persuasive argument.
  • Some examples of using ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade:-
  • Ethos-
  • "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."
  • "My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."
  • Pathos-
  • "If we don’t move soon, we’re all going to die! Can’t you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"
  • "I’m not just invested in this community – I love every building, every business, every hard-working member of this town."
  • Logos-
  • "The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas."
  • "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery… We also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut."
  • In real life politicians make use of these 3 elements in their arguments.
  • Logos-A politician appealing to reason usually intents to portray himself/herself as rational and capable of dealing with difficulties in an organized and sophisticated way.Eg;Our party consists mainly of citizens of low origin; our adversaries are mostly people of high origin. Therefore, we can serve better the interests of the less-privileged".
  • Pathos- It occurs when a politician attempts to instill fear, anxiety, trust, hope, optimism, pessimism or any other -positive or negative- feeling in people. It can be used either reasonably, as a necessary supplement of reason (since politics is not only about pure reason, but also about pride, culture and history), or unduly and overly, in which case it functions only as a populistic technique.
  • Ethos-It's appeal to character. It can be used as a supplement to reason or even independently, in which case it becomes a misleading method too. It is used to amplify the politician's beliefs by portraying him as both honest and skilful. It can also be used towards the people or the politician's adversaries. Its basic forms are:
  • Ethos of the sender: The politician praises himself, refers to influential people who support him or recalls occasions and events that supposedly prove his worth.
  • Ethos of the receiver: He attempts to flatter people and to instill a sense of responsibility in them. E.g.: "This is our country's most difficult hour. Remember your values and your principles and stand up to it; support our government!".
  • Ethos of the adversary: It involves attacks on one's political rivals, with real or sycophantic accusations. It's not a critique against one's views and beliefs, but against one's character and life choices. E.g.: "How dares the Prime Minister talk about our public schools? His children attend an expensive private school!".
  • Appeal to authority: The politicians refers to well-known and well-respected people, usually quoting them. Thus, he attempts to establish a certain connection between himself and great personalities, enhancing his prestige.
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