Question

The three main areas for memory in the brain involve the Hippocampus, the Basal Ganglia, and the Cerebral Cortex.

Explain the types of memory that occur in each of these areas and describe what behaviors or cognitive deficits would result from damage in these areas.  

Describe where Broca’s area and Wernicke’s areas are located in the brain. Compare and contrast the types of language impairments that are expressed when there is damage in each of these areas.

Explain the two types of conditioned learning processes and then apply operant conditioning techniques to show how a teacher could use them in the classroom to ensure students were behaving appropriately.

Define altruism and empathy and describe the role that the brain plays in these helping behaviors.

Answer 1

• Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory, motor memory or procedural memory, and it cannot be described in words. For this memory to form, overt conscious appreciation of memory is not necessary; for example, performing skilled tasks using the hands, such as buttoning a shirt or tying a shoe lace, do not need continuous attention – they are done almost automatically.
• Cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor cortex are involved in implicit memory, but of course, it is supervised by the cerebral cortex.
• Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.
• Damage to the cerebellum can lead to: loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia); the inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria);the inability to perform rapid alternating movements (adiadochokinesia); movement tremors (intention tremor);weak muscles (hypotonia);slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria), and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
• A number of disorders result from damage or death to brain cells of the cerebral cortex. The symptoms experienced depend on the area of the cortex that is damaged. Apraxia is a group of disorders that are characterized by the inability to perform certain motor tasks, although there is no damage to motor or sensory nerve function.
• Damage to the cerebral cortex may also result in ataxia. These types of disorders are characterized by a lack of coordination and balance. Individuals are unable to perform voluntary muscle movements smoothly. Injury to the cerebral cortex has also been linked to depressive disorders, difficulty in decision making, lack of impulse control, memory issues, and attention problems.
• Hippocampus is essential for explicit memory or long term memory.Declarative memory (“knowing what”) is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or "declared").
• Hippocampal damage can result in anterograde amnesia: loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Thus, someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of his childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory for anything that happened since.
• Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation