Question

Question 2. (fifteen marks, maximum 250 words)
Governments increasingly emphasise the desirability of making science socially robust in the
context of risk assessment and decision-making under uncertainty. What recommendations do
you have to make science more socially robust?

Answer 1

The recommendations for making science more socially robust include; validation of the mode of knowledge production through an expanded peer-review process, involving the knowledge users. This integrates the conventional criteria of validity with non-scientific criteria of usefulness i.e. the university–government–industry–civil society (UGICS) research networks. An example of one such organization is the; the Sustainable Forest Management Network (SFMN) (1995–2009), a Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence (NCE)