What electrical quantity measures the amount of energy each charge has? (not the amount of charge, which is measured in coulombs)
Potential Energy measures the amount of energy that each charge has. It is given by potential energy= charge * potential difference. Which gives us the energy in joules of each charge. In other words we have a relationship between them as energy of charges = qV where q is the charge and V is the potential difference. In standard unit system 1eV contains Joules. Which is our required answer.
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