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What is an absolute maximum electromagnetic luminosity that can (theoretically) be produced by some extreme astrophysical...

What is an absolute maximum electromagnetic luminosity that can (theoretically) be produced by some extreme astrophysical source? Explain the logic behind your estimate. (Hint: the value should only depend on fundamental constants.)

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Answer :-

A quasar (quasi-stellar object) is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN), in which a supermassive black hole with mass ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk.

This quasar's luminosity is about 4 trillion (4 × 1012) times that of the Sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of giant galaxies like the Milky Way.

As gas in the disk falls towards the black hole, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum. The power radiated by quasars is enormous: the most powerful quasars have luminosities thousands of times greater than a galaxy such as the Milky Way.

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